一氧化碳(CO)在植物体内的生理生化作用研究进展

为了促进一氧化碳(CO)在植物生理生化方面的研究,本文归纳了CO在植物体中的生物合成途径,CO作为信号分子对植物各种生理功能的调控,以及CO与其他信号分子之间的相互作用。经过分析得出,CO在植物生物胁迫过程中的作用及其作用机制方面的研究还很少,因此,CO在这方面的研究将会成为今后的研究重点。     

Effect of forsythiaside A on immune function in rats with ulcerative colitis

AIM To investigate the effect of forsythiaside A (FA) on immune function in rats with ulcerative colitis and its related mechanism. METHODS Healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (no treatment, normal feeding), model group (establishment of rat ulcerative colitis model), and low, medium and high doses of FA groups (treatment of the model rats with FA at 5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg, respectively). The malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in rat colon tissues were measured by colorimetry, and the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 were detected by ELISA. The spleen index and thymus index, the percentages of CD3⁺, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC）, the serum IgA and IgG levels, and the serum complement C3 and C4 levels were also determined. RESULTS The colon tissues of the rats in model group showed obvious inflammation and ulceration, indicating that the animal model was successfully established. Compared with model group, the colonic inflammation and ulceration were significantly attenuated in FA groups, among which the high dose had the best effect. Compared with control group, the spleen index and thymus index of the rars in model group were decreased (P<0.05), MDA content in colon tissues was increased (P<0.05), and SOD activity in colon tissues was decreased (P<0.05). The levels of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes in PBMC, and the serum levels of C3, C4 and IL-4 were decreased (P<0.05), while the serum levels of IgA, IgG, TNF-α, and IL-2 were increased in model group as compared with control group. Furthermore, the spleen index and thymus index of the rats in FA groups were increased (P<0.05), the MDA content in the colon tissues was decreased (P<0.05), and the SOD activity in the colon tissues was increased (P<0.05). The levels of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes in PBMC, and the serum levels of C3, C4 and IL-4 were increased (P<0.05), while serum IgA, IgG, TNF-α and IL-2 levels were decreased in FA groups as compared with model group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Forsythiaside A effectively attenuates the colonic lesions in rats with ulcerative colitis, and its mechanism may be related to reinforcement of oxygen free radical scavenging power, alleviation of inflammatory response, and enhancement of immune function.     

不同施氮量下覆膜滴灌玉米相对根长密度模型研究

为探明施氮量对宁夏引黄灌区覆膜滴灌玉米根长密度(RLD)的影响,设置5个施氮水平和1个对照(CK,不施氮与不覆膜)进行试验,测定玉米RLD,建立不同施氮量下相对根长密度(NRLD)模型,并加以检验。结果表明:不同施氮处理的玉米RLD分布区域均随土层深度的增加而减小,且大部分集中在0～20 cm土层;随着施氮量的增加,RLD分布区域明显扩大; NRLD分布满足三阶多项式函数模型,模拟曲线的决定系数R2为0.951,模型检验结果R2为0.845,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.248,拟合效果好,但该多项式模型不能保证NRLD在相对取样深度Zr为1时达到0,故对玉米NRLD分布多项式模型进行优化。优化模型验证结果显示,各施氮处理RMSE不大于0.308,CK、N0、N1、N2、N3和N4处理的标准化均方根误差分别为0.242、0.193、0.184、0.226、0.208和0.273,R2分别为0.903、0.953、0.920、0.944、0.962和0.898,具有较高的拟合度,解决了NRLD在Zr=1时达到0的问题。本研究可为宁夏引黄灌区膜下滴灌玉米NRLD分布拟合、根系养分吸收和施肥管理提供理论参考。     

提高蛋白质乳化功能性的研究

蛋白质是食品加工中的重要原料,其乳化性对食品品质非常重要。本文综述了通过物理改性、化学改性、生物酶法改性、基因工程改性及复合改性等方法技术来提高食品蛋白质的乳化功能性,并为今后食品蛋白质加工过程中利用改性方法来提高乳化性提供一定理论基础和新的思路。     

银杏落叶期叶片NDVI值2种拟合方法比较

【目的】对银杏Ginkgo biloba L.落叶期(9—12月)的叶片进行连续定期定点的高光谱测量,计算出能代表其生长状况和营养信息的高光谱参量NDVI值,通过选用两种不同的曲线拟合方法对其NDVI值进行宏观上的以时间为自变量的曲线拟合,选出最优拟合方法,更好地了解银杏落叶期叶片光谱特征参量NDVI值的变化趋势,从而更有效地对其进行决策和控制,为植被的大尺度遥感动态监测提供方法参考。【方法】利用SVC HR-1024I全波段地物光谱仪,选取三株健康、生长环境相同、长势相近的中龄银杏为叶片采集对象,对其落叶期冠层叶片进行定期定点定方位的高光谱观测。对获取的高光谱原始数据进行数据筛选与预处理后,通过计算得出叶片的NDVI值,分别采用二次函数拟合法和ARIMA时间序列拟合法对落叶期叶片的NDVI值进行曲线拟合,并对两种拟合方法的拟合结果进行比较,选出最适合银杏叶片落叶期NDVI值的拟合方法。【结果】二次函数拟合结果为NDVI=-0.0221T2+0.0547T+0.711,决定系数R2为0.926,但因拟合结果t值不显著,样本结果随机性大,不具广泛性;ARIMA时间序列拟合中ARIMA(2,1,2)模型估测结果与实际情况接近,R2为0.811,拟合效果较好。【结论】ARIMA时间序列拟合方法比二次行数拟合方法更适用于对银杏落叶期叶片的NDVI值进行拟合。     

How do hedgerows influence soil organic carbon stock in livestock‐grazed pasture?

Hedgerows have the potential to influence ecosystem function in livestock‐grazed pasture. Despite this, they are often ignored when quantifying farmland ecosystem service delivery. In this study, we assess the contribution of hedgerows to the ecosystem function of carbon (C) storage, with a particular emphasis on soil organic carbon (SOC). We measured SOC stock (kg C m^?2), on an equivalent soil mass basis, at 0–0.15 m depth in pasture adjacent to 38 hedgerows (biotic) and 16 stone walls or fences (abiotic controls) across ten farms in the county of Conwy, Wales, UK. Pasture SOC stock (~7 kg C m^?2) was similar adjacent to biotic and abiotic field boundaries, positively associated with soil moisture and negatively with soil bulk density (BD). For biotic boundaries, two further variables were significantly associated with SOC stock, distance from hedgerow (decrease in SOC stock) and slope orientation (upslope SOC stock greater than downslope). For pasture adjacent to hedgerows, a model combining the aforementioned variables (BD, soil moisture, distance from hedgerow, slope orientation) explained 78% of variation in SOC stock. This study demonstrates that whilst hedgerows do have subtle positive effects on SOC stock in adjacent pasture, SOC storage adjacent to field boundaries is influenced more by soil moisture content and BD than field boundary type.     

动物DGAT基因的研究进展

DGAT基因包括二酰基甘油酰基转移酶1（DGAT1）基因和二酰基甘油酰基转移酶2（DGAT2）基因，前者属于酰基辅酶A胆固醇酰基转移酶（ACAT）基因家族，后者属于单酰甘油酰基转移酶（MGAT）基因家族，分别编码微粒体酶DGAT1和DGAT2，这两种酶控制着甘油三酯的合成，均是定位于内质网的跨膜蛋白，其膜拓扑结构具有与其他蛋白质和细胞器相互作用的能力，影响脂肪代谢及脂类在组织中的沉积，参与调节动物机体的能量合成和分解代谢，影响心脏和肝脏中甘油三酯的代谢；同时DGAT基因的多态性影响着牛乳中脂肪的含量及泌乳量。因此，了解DGAT基因的结构和生物学功能对畜禽生长发育和生产等相关研究具有重要的意义。文章简述了DGAT基因的基本结构和生物学功能及相关的作用机制，分析了其在畜牧生产中的基础应用，如参与哺乳动物生产调控的脂肪沉积、乳脂含量等方面的研究进展。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯对东亚小花蝽捕食功能反应的影响

为了研究高效氯氟氰菊酯对东亚小花蝽雌成虫捕食功能反应的影响，比较分析了LC₂₅、LC₅₀、LC₇₅高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫3日龄东亚小花蝽雌成虫后，对大豆蚜捕食量、寻找效应、猎物密度效应、种内分摊竞争效应和功能反应等的影响。研究表明，对照组与LC₂₅、LC₅₀高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫受猎物密度效应影响明显，而LC₇₅高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫受猎物密度效应影响不明显；在药剂浓度为0 mg/L和140 mg/L时，捕食量达到的最大值和最小值分别为12.33和0.83头，寻找效应达到的最大值和最小值分别为0.96和0.10；受不同浓度药剂胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫对大豆蚜的捕食能力和寻找效应均随着药剂浓度的增加而下降；捕食量随大豆蚜虫口密度增加而增多，种内竞争分摊强度随小花蝽数量增加而增强，平均捕食量降低；在LC₅₀高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫下，东亚小花蝽成虫捕食作用率方程为E=0.1255P^-0.2956，分摊竞争强度方程为I=0.5401logP^-0.0033。     

红茶菌的国内外研究现状

红茶菌是以糖茶水为主要原料,经微生物发酵后形成的一种功能性茶饮品。近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高和保健意识的增强,具有多种保健功效的红茶菌受到国内外研究者的广泛关注,其全球销售量也呈指数增长。本文重点梳理了红茶菌中的微生物组成及其共生关系,概括了原料、培养条件和菌种组成对红茶菌发酵的影响,并归纳了红茶菌在抗氧化、抑菌、护肝、提高免疫力和防癌抗癌方面的保健功能研究。红茶菌生产中,活性大分子的鉴定和形成机制、各菌种的益生效果、发酵罐水平的精准调控、产品稳定性提升等方面还需进行深入研究。另外,本文展望了红茶菌在多个领域的应用前景,以期为红茶菌工业化生产提供参考。     

Effects of dietary mulberry leaf extract on the growth,gastrointestinal, hepatic functions of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)

Mulberry leaf extract (MLE), an active substance extracted from mulberry leaves, is known to have a positive effect on several physiological functions. The current study examined the effects of dietary MLE in feed at concentrations 0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 15.0 g/kg on the growth performance and gastrointestinal and hepatic functions of Andrias davidianus for 12 weeks. Results indicated that the final body weight, weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate and feed intake (FI) of A. davidianus increased with the increase in the dietary MLE up to 9.0 g/kg and declined thereafter, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) exhibited an opposite trend. Meanwhile, A. davidianus with a dietary intake of 9.0 g/kg MLE showed higher levels of crude protein in muscles and lower levels of moisture and crude lipid levels in the liver and muscles when compared with the control. In addition, dietary MLE increased the density and length of the villi and decreased the cavity rate in the foregut, enhancing the activities of carbonic anhydrase, H⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase, pepsin, intestinal trypsin, lipase and Na⁺‐K⁺‐ATPase (p < .05) in the stomach. Furthermore, dietary MLE increased the intestinal and hepatic superoxide dismutase activities and total antioxidative capacities but decreased their malondialdehyde contents in A. davidianus. Dietary MLE also significantly increased the immune parameters, and the plasma total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin M contents but significantly decreased the aspartate aminotr‐ansferase, alanine aminotransferase and diamine oxidase activities, and the total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride and endotoxin contents (p < .05). In conclusion, a quadratic regression analysis of WGR and FCR indicated that the optimum level of MLE for A. davidianus was between 8.21 and 8.30 g/kg of the diet.